Oxysterols - Revision history

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‎Thromboxane

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‎Oxidation

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‎Oxidation

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‎List of Important Oxysterols

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‎List of Important Oxysterols

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‎Oxidation

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 ==Author==
 Author of this article is Thijs Klompmaker, born in 1966
 Author's [http://www.topfitafter50.com/ website, as personal trainer] (specialized in isolation exercises and dietary solutions)

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 ==Author==
-[[Image:SocialMedia.jpg|thumb|left| ]]
+[[Image:Instagram.jpg|thumb|left| ]]
 Author of this article is Thijs Klompmaker, born in 1966

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:06, 26 January 2017
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	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584645/ Full Free Text]		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584645/ Full Free Text]
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		+
		+	==Author==
		+	[[Image:SocialMedia.jpg\|thumb\|left\| ]]
		+	Author of this article is Thijs Klompmaker, born in 1966
		+
		+	* Author's [http://www.topfitafter50.com/ website, as personal trainer] (specialized in isolation exercises and dietary solutions)
		+
		+	* Author's [https://www.instagram.com/topfitafter50/ Instagram account]
		+
		+	* Author's [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLZULfm7l2dZFyDdhrROJKg YouTube Channel]
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		+	* Author's [https://twitter.com/topfitafter50/ Twitter account]

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 * In water, cholesterol oxidizes more rapidly. But at 125°C, autoxidation of cholesterol also occurs in the dry state.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8246692] Heating at 100°C for 8 hours, 5% of cholesterol was oxidized. The identified oxidation products (52% of total) were: 7-ketoC (42%), 7β-OHC (20%), β-epoxyC (16%), α-epoxyC (12%), 7α-OHC (7%) and 25β-OHC (3%). A diet enriched with such oxidized cholesterol resulted in a 100% increase in fatty streak lesions in the aorta.[http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/18/6/977.long] (free full text)
 * Heat-treatment of cholesterol caused 30% oxidation; the major oxidation products: 7β-OHC, 7-keto-C, α-epoxyC and β-epoxyC. In the rats given the oxidized cholesterol, 6% of the oxysterol load was absorbed and incorporated into lymph chylomicrons, resulting in a twofold increase in the cholesterol and triglyceride content. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9270982]
 * Fatty streaks in the aorta may contain 7-ketoC, 7β-OHC, β-epoxyC, α-epoxyC, 7α-OHC and 27-OHC, which are hardly (or not at all) present in normal aorta.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11697115]
 * Cholesterol incorporated in a membrane is relatively protected aginst oxidation.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1491613] Normally, unoxidized cholesterol levels are over 1000-fold greater than oxysterol levels. In atherosclerotic plaque, the cholesterol:oxysterol ratio is much lower.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9920502/]

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 * In water, cholesterol oxidizes more rapidly. But at 125°C, autoxidation of cholesterol also occurs in the dry state.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8246692] Heating at 100°C for 8 hours, 5% of cholesterol was oxidized. The identified oxidation products (52% of total) were: 7-ketoC (42%), 7β-OHC (20%), β-epoxyC (16%), α-epoxyC (12%), 7α-OHC (7%) and 25β-OHC (3%). A diet enriched with such oxidized cholesterol resulted in a 100% increase in fatty streak lesions in the aorta.[http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/18/6/977.long] (free full text)
 * Fatty streaks in the aorta may contain 7-ketoC, 7β-OHC, β-epoxyC, α-epoxyC, 7α-OHC and 27-OHC, which are hardly (or not at all) present in normal aorta.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11697115]
 * Cholesterol incorporated in a membrane is relatively protected aginst oxidation.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1491613] Normally, unoxidized cholesterol levels are over 1000-fold greater than oxysterol levels. In atherosclerotic plaque, the cholesterol:oxysterol ratio is much lower.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9920502/]

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 * 7-alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (7α-OHC4)
 * 7-beta-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OHC) - 7β-OHC is cytotoxic [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1271/bbb.120758#aHR0cDovL3d3dy50YW5kZm9ubGluZS5jb20vZG9pL3BkZi8xMC4xMjcxL2JiYi4xMjA3NThAQEAw], and its serum levels significantly associate with progression of carotid atherosclerosis.[http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/95/4/840.long]
-* 7-ketocholesterol (7-ketoC) = 7-oxocholesterol - is the most abundant oxysterol of nonenzymatic origin in atherosclerotic plaques.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC507038/pdf/970461.pdf](free full pdf) It is cytotoxic [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1271/bbb.120758#aHR0cDovL3d3dy50YW5kZm9ubGluZS5jb20vZG9pL3BkZi8xMC4xMjcxL2JiYi4xMjA3NThAQEAw] and its levels are dramatically increased in hypercholesterolemic plasma samples.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7835746]
+* 7-ketocholesterol (7-ketoC) = 7-oxocholesterol - is the most abundant oxysterol of nonenzymatic origin in atherosclerotic plaques.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC507038/pdf/970461.pdf](free full pdf) It is cytotoxic [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1271/bbb.120758#aHR0cDovL3d3dy50YW5kZm9ubGluZS5jb20vZG9pL3BkZi8xMC4xMjcxL2JiYi4xMjA3NThAQEAw], rather stable [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12670187] and its levels are dramatically increased in hypercholesterolemic plasma samples.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7835746]
 * 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC)
 * 24,25-epoxycholesterol (24,25-epoxyC) - is formed endogenously in any cell that may form cholesterol. It elicits effects on multiple levels of cellular cholesterol homeostasis [http://www.jbc.org/content/283/2/700.long](free full text) and regulates cholesterol synthesis in the liver [http://www.jlr.org/content/42/4/649.full](free full text)[http://www.jbc.org/content/260/25/13391.abstract?ijkey=f2b186c9ad4d8825edb889ee9bc074e1ffaaa09c&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha] and neuronal cells.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22178193] It may accumulate in the liver [http://www.jbc.org/content/260/25/13391.full.pdf+html] (free full pdf) Without 24,25-epoxyC, acute cholesterol synthesis is exaggerated.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22178193]

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:27, 7 November 2015
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−	Oxysterols may be formed by cooking food that contains cholesterol, through cholesterol oxidation. Oxysterols from ordinary foodstuff are absorbed in the human intestinal tract.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9745108] Endogenously, they may be formed enzymatically, or through oxidation as well.	+	Oxysterols may be formed by cooking food that contains cholesterol, through cholesterol oxidation. Oxysterols from ordinary foodstuff are absorbed in the human intestinal tract.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9745108] Endogenously, they may be formed enzymatically, or through oxidation as well.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3941159/](Full Free Text) Oxysterols are widely distributed in nature, being found in the blood and tissues of animals and man.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1772414] Some oxysterols are essential for the normal physiology of the hepatic, central nervous and vascular systems [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19939198], as well as in inflammation and immunity.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18650918/][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2626438/] In healthy people, endogenously formed oxysterols (7α-OHC, 24-OHC, 27-OHC) are most abundant (relative to all oxysterols).[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7778789] Many oxysterols are cytotoxic. Most research suggests that certain oxysterols may cause cell death, and have been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19345313]
−	Oxysterols are widely distributed in nature, being found in the blood and tissues of animals and man.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1772414] Some oxysterols are essential for the normal physiology of the hepatic, central nervous and vascular systems [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19939198], as well as in inflammation and immunity.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18650918/][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2626438/] In healthy people, endogenously formed oxysterols (7α-OHC, 24-OHC, 27-OHC) are most abundant (relative to all oxysterols).[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7778789] Many oxysterols are cytotoxic. Most research suggests that certain oxysterols may cause cell death, and have been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19345313]

	==Oxidation==		==Oxidation==

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 * 4-beta-hydroxycholesterol (4β-OHC) - a minor product of endogenous cholesterol conversion.[http://www.jbc.org/content/276/42/38685.full] (free full text)
-* 5 alpha,6 alpha-epoxycholesterol (α-epoxyC)
+* 5 alpha,6 alpha-epoxycholesterol (α-epoxyC) - is cytotoxic [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18445305]
 * 5 beta,6 beta-epoxycholesterol (β-epoxyC) - is cytotoxic [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1271/bbb.120758#aHR0cDovL3d3dy50YW5kZm9ubGluZS5jb20vZG9pL3BkZi8xMC4xMjcxL2JiYi4xMjA3NThAQEAw], and its levels are dramatically increased in hypercholesterolemic plasma samples.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7835746]
 * 5 alpha,6 beta-epoxycholesterol (5α,6β-diOHC)

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 Oxysterols may be formed by cooking food that contains cholesterol, through cholesterol oxidation. Oxysterols from ordinary foodstuff are absorbed in the human intestinal tract.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9745108] Endogenously, they may be formed enzymatically, or through oxidation as well.
-Oxysterols are widely distributed in nature, being found in the blood and tissues of animals and man.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1772414] Some oxysterols are essential for the normal physiology of the hepatic, central nervous and vascular systems [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19939198], as well as in inflammation and immunity.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18650918/][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2626438/] In healthy people, endogenously formed oxysterols (7α-OHC, 24-OHC, 27-OHC) are most abundant (relative to all oxysterols).[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7778789] Some oxysterols may be cytotoxic. Most research suggests that certain oxysterols may cause cell death, and have been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19345313] Oxysterols are found in the human atheroma [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12532844], and accumulate in macrophage foam cells. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC507038/pdf/970461.pdf] Normally, unoxidized cholesterol levels are over 1000-fold greater than oxysterol levels. In atherosclerotic plaque, the cholesterol:oxysterol ratio is much lower.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9920502/]
+Oxysterols are widely distributed in nature, being found in the blood and tissues of animals and man.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1772414] Some oxysterols are essential for the normal physiology of the hepatic, central nervous and vascular systems [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19939198], as well as in inflammation and immunity.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18650918/][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2626438/] In healthy people, endogenously formed oxysterols (7α-OHC, 24-OHC, 27-OHC) are most abundant (relative to all oxysterols).[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7778789] Many oxysterols are cytotoxic. Most research suggests that certain oxysterols may cause cell death, and have been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19345313]
 ==Oxidation==
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 * In water, cholesterol oxidizes more rapidly. But at 125°C, autoxidation of cholesterol also occurs in the dry state.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8246692] Heating at 100°C for 8 hours, 5% of cholesterol was oxidized. The identified oxidation products (52% of total) were: 7-ketoC (42%), 7β-OHC (20%), β-epoxyC (16%), α-epoxyC (12%), 7α-OHC (7%) and 25β-OHC (3%). A diet enriched with such oxidized cholesterol resulted in a 100% increase in fatty streak lesions in the aorta.[http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/18/6/977.long] (free full text)
 * Fatty streaks in the aorta may contain 7-ketoC, 7β-OHC, β-epoxyC, α-epoxyC, 7α-OHC and 27-OHC, which are hardly (or not at all) present in normal aorta.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11697115]
-* Cholesterol incorporated in a membrane is relatively protected aginst oxidation.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1491613]
+* Cholesterol incorporated in a membrane is relatively protected aginst oxidation.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1491613] Normally, unoxidized cholesterol levels are over 1000-fold greater than oxysterol levels. In atherosclerotic plaque, the cholesterol:oxysterol ratio is much lower.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9920502/]
 * Serum cholesterol is increased after consuming unoxidized cholesterol, similar to partially (5%) oxidized cholesterol, but only the oxidized cholesterol (25 mg/day) diet resulted in a 100% increase in fatty streak lesions in the aorta.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9633940/]
-* Oxysterols are generally toxic to endothelial cells [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18068200] and macrophages.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17846428]
+* Oxysterols are found in the human atheroma [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12532844], and accumulate in macrophage foam cells. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC507038/pdf/970461.pdf] Oxysterols are generally toxic to endothelial cells [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18068200] and macrophages.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17846428]
 ==List of Important Oxysterols==