Lemna For Fish - Revision history

RRM: /* Productivity */

2016-03-25T17:58:44Z

‎Productivity

RRM: /* Wolffia */

2016-03-25T16:05:43Z

‎Wolffia

RRM: /* Feed for Tilapia */

2016-03-25T15:50:48Z

‎Feed for Tilapia

RRM: /* Wolffia */

2016-03-25T15:42:12Z

‎Wolffia

RRM: /* Nutrient contents */

2016-03-25T15:38:50Z

‎Nutrient contents

RRM: /* Lemna */

2016-03-25T15:37:49Z

‎Lemna

RRM: /* Wolffia */

2016-03-25T14:51:10Z

‎Wolffia

RRM: /* Wolffia */

2016-03-25T14:50:07Z

‎Wolffia

RRM: /* Feed for Tilapia */

2016-03-25T13:59:23Z

‎Feed for Tilapia

RRM: /* Feed for Tilapia */

2016-03-25T13:56:37Z

‎Feed for Tilapia

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 Compared to other Lemna, Lemna minuta has the lowest nitrogen requirement for growth.(Minimum = 0.0016 mM/L and maximum is 30 mM/L) Most species appear to exhibit optimum growth between 20°C to 30°C. (Landolt 1986)[http://ajas.m2comm.co.kr/upload/pdf/16-45.pdf]
 Best growth is achieved where total nitrogen concentrations range from 10 to 40 mg/L.[http://www.researchgate.net/publication/240397012_Performance_of_duckweed-covered_sewage_lagoonsII._Nitrogen_and_phosphorus_balance_and_plant_productivity]. Optimal growth occurs around neutral pH for both Spirodella and Lemna species. Duckweed is able to accumulate up to 1.5% of its weight as phosphorus in nutrient rich waters.[http://www4.fao.org/cgi-bin/faobib.exe?rec_id=531070&database=faobib&search_type=link&table=mona&back_path=/faobib/mona&lang=eng&format_name=EFMON] Unlike copper, zinc, manganese and boron, iron stimulates growth and flowering.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24499946] Duckweed consumes dissolved oxygen as the result of mineralization, and Wolffia more so than Lemna.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12659003] Carbon isotopes are fractionated in duckweeds by both the central photosynthetic enzyme (ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase) and by glycine decarboxylase.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8647275]
 ==Productivity==
 The optimum pH for growth of Lemna and Wolffia species ranges from 7 to 8.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21823047] Submerged growth increases the productivity unit volume of Lemna minor and Wolffia sp.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11541161]

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 [[Image:Wolffia_arrhiza.jpg|thumb|left| Wolffia arrhiza [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolffia#mediaviewer/File:WolffiaArrhiza2.jpg © Christian Fischer]]]
-[u]Wolffia arrhiza[/u] is rootless, less than 2 mm long and is native to Europe, Africa and Asia. Digestibility of fresh Wolffia by Nile tilapia fingerlings (2.5 g) and Nile tilapia adults (40-50 g) was not significantly different. Incorporating more than 15% Wolffia in the diet results in decreased growth rates.[http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjbs.2001.618.620] (similar for quails [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22297423]; 4 to 12 g. of Wolffia arrhiza may survive on 1L quail effluent / 300 days[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21669519])
+[u]Wolffia arrhiza[/u] is rootless, less than 2 mm long and is native to Europe, Africa and Asia. It may grow in pH ranging from 5 to 10, with an optimum of 7 to 8 pH.[http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1141e/i1141e03.pdf] Digestibility of fresh Wolffia by Nile tilapia fingerlings (2.5 g) and Nile tilapia adults (40-50 g) was not significantly different. Incorporating more than 15% Wolffia in the diet results in decreased growth rates.[http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjbs.2001.618.620] (similar for quails [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22297423]; 4 to 12 g. of Wolffia arrhiza may survive on 1L quail effluent / 300 days[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21669519])
 The growth rate of Tilapia fed 15% Wolffia (dried meal) was higher than those fed 30% and 45% Wolffia. There was no significant difference with controls (0% Wolffia).[http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=TH2005000468] When Wolffia arrhiza needs to compete with Microcystis aeruginosa (not toxic to tilapia [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821479]), the supplementation of 4.8 mM KCl gives W. arrhiza the upper hand.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16535629] Wolffia globosa does not survive cold weather.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24942851]

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 ==Feed for Tilapia==
+Lemnacea generally grow optimally in water with a temperature of 17.5 to 30 ºC.
 Raising Nile [http://www.waiwiki.org/index.php?title=Tilapia Tilapia] in fishponds fed on fresh duckweed, the toxic level of un-ionised ammonia nitrogen and its negative effect on the growth performance lies between 0.07 and 0.14 mg/L.[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848603005167]
 Tilapia prefer to eat Equisetum sp. (horsetail aka snake grass, containing thiaminase and nicotine) over Lemna and Spirodela spp subsequently.[http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19910505258.html] Tilapia prefer Wolffia over Lemna.[http://sfrc.ifas.ufl.edu/courses/FAS6932/BlueTilapia.pdf]

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 [[Image:Wolffia_arrhiza.jpg|thumb|left| Wolffia arrhiza [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolffia#mediaviewer/File:WolffiaArrhiza2.jpg © Christian Fischer]]]
-[u]Wolffia arrhiza[/u] is rootless and may contain 44% carbohydrates, 20% protein and 5% fat.[http://www.abebooks.com/products/isbn/9780962808708/18402172843] By dry weight this may be 40-50% protein and 40-50% starch [http://www.pjoes.com/pdf/12.6/677-684.pdf], or 20.4% in low nutrient conditions.[http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/ansinet/pjbs/2001/618-620.pdf] It is native to Europe, Africa and Asia. Digestibility of fresh Wolffia by Nile tilapia fingerlings (2.5 g) and Nile tilapia adults (40-50 g) was not significantly different. Incorporating more than 15% Wolffia in the diet results in decreased growth rates.[http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjbs.2001.618.620] (similar for quails [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22297423]; 4 to 12 g. of Wolffia arrhiza may survive on 1L quail effluent / 300 days[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21669519])
+[u]Wolffia arrhiza[/u] is rootless, less than 2 mm long and is native to Europe, Africa and Asia. Digestibility of fresh Wolffia by Nile tilapia fingerlings (2.5 g) and Nile tilapia adults (40-50 g) was not significantly different. Incorporating more than 15% Wolffia in the diet results in decreased growth rates.[http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjbs.2001.618.620] (similar for quails [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22297423]; 4 to 12 g. of Wolffia arrhiza may survive on 1L quail effluent / 300 days[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21669519])
 The growth rate of Tilapia fed 15% Wolffia (dried meal) was higher than those fed 30% and 45% Wolffia. There was no significant difference with controls (0% Wolffia).[http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=TH2005000468] When Wolffia arrhiza needs to compete with Microcystis aeruginosa (not toxic to tilapia [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821479]), the supplementation of 4.8 mM KCl gives W. arrhiza the upper hand.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16535629] Wolffia globosa does not survive cold weather.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24942851]

@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 Lemna minor contains 51% carbohydrates of dry matter while starch accounts for 20%. The cell wall is rich in cellulose and also contains 20.3% pectin comprising galacturonan, xylogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan; 3.5% hemicellulose comprising xyloglucan and xylan, and 0.03% phenolics. In addition, essential fatty acids (0.6%, α-linolenic and linoleic/linoelaidic acid) and p-coumaric acid (0.015%) respectively are the most abundant fatty acids and phenolics in whole duckweed.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25037369]
-Wolffia arrhiza (dry weight) may contain up to 40% protein, up to 40% starch and up to 2% phosphorus.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16232450] Wolffia arrhiza and Lemna also contain apiose (a sugar).[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1206615/]
+Wolffia arrhiza (dry weight) may contain up to 40% protein, up to 40% starch and up to 2% phosphorus.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16232450] may contain 44% carbohydrates, 20% protein and 5% fat.[http://www.abebooks.com/products/isbn/9780962808708/18402172843] By dry weight this may be 40-50% protein and 40-50% starch [http://www.pjoes.com/pdf/12.6/677-684.pdf], or 20.4% in low nutrient conditions.[http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/ansinet/pjbs/2001/618-620.pdf] Wolffia arrhiza and Lemna also contain apiose (a sugar).[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1206615/]
 ==Nutrient loading==

@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 [[Image:Lemna_minuta.jpg|thumb|left| Lemna in Ghana ]]
-[u]Lemna minor[/u] may be 1 to 8 mm long, but does not grow in the tropics.
+[u]Lemna minor[/u] may be 1 to 8 mm long.
 [u]Lemna minuta[/u] is maximally 3 mm long. It is present in the Americas, Europe, Japan. Lemna minuta (aka Lemna valdiviana var. minim and Lemna miniscula) is often confused with Lemna minor. L. minuta has just one vein in the frond, whereas L. minor has 3.[http://archive.bsbi.org.uk/Wats14p243.pdf] Lemna minuta propagate almost exclusively by vegetative reproduction (budding). Flowering is very rare.[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02853200] The plant mass can double in size every two or three days in optimum conditions. In full sunlight growing in high abundance, the fronds reach no more than 1-2 mm with solitary fronds or clusters of two; in shady conditions, the fronds can reach 4 mm long and can be clustered in four segments. In the shade form, L. minuta mas also be confused with L. valdiviana. The nerve of L. valdiviana extends more than half the distance from the node to apex, compared to about half in L. minuta.[http://waynesword.palomar.edu/1wayindx.htm] Lemnaceae are very sensitive to herbicides[http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108968]

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 The solid excrements of tilapia are poor in free NH3 and ammonium compounds and prolonged digestion at 38°C is necessary before they can be used for duckweed growth.[http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19862427940.html]
-[u]Wolffia[/u]
+[u]Wolffia[/u] arrhiza may contain 44% carbohydrates, 20% protein and 5% fat.[http://www.abebooks.com/products/isbn/9780962808708/18402172843]
 Digestibility of fresh Wolffia by Nile tilapia fingerlings (2.5 g) and Nile tilapia adults (40-50 g) was not significantly different. Incorporating more than 15% Wolffia in the diet results in decreased growth rates.[http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjbs.2001.618.620] (similar for quails [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22297423]; 4 to 12 g. of Wolffia arrhiza may survive on 1L quail effluent / 300 days[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21669519])
 The growth rate of Tilapia fed 15% Wolffia was higher than those fed 30% and 45% Wolffia. There was no significant difference with controls (0% Wolffia).[http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=TH2005000468] When Wolffia arrhiza needs to compete with Microcystis aeruginosa (not toxic to tilapia[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821479]), the supplementation of 4.8 mM KCl gives W. arrhiza the upper hand.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16535629] Wolffia globosa does not survive cold weather.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24942851]
 [u]Lemna minuta[/u] is maximally 3 mm long. It is present in the Americas, Europe, Japan. Lemna minuta (aka Lemna valdiviana var. minim and Lemna miniscula) is often confused with Lemna minor. L. minuta has just one vein in the frond, whereas L. minor has 3.[http://archive.bsbi.org.uk/Wats14p243.pdf] Lemna minuta propagate almost exclusively by vegetative reproduction (budding). Flowering is very rare.[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02853200] The plant mass can double in size every two or three days in optimum conditions. In full sunlight growing in high abundance, the fronds reach no more than 1-2 mm with solitary fronds or clusters of two; in shady conditions, the fronds can reach 4 mm long and can be clustered in four segments. In the shade form, L. minuta mas also be confused with L. valdiviana. The nerve of L. valdiviana extends more than half the distance from the node to apex, compared to about half in L. minuta.[http://waynesword.palomar.edu/1wayindx.htm] Lemnaceae are very sensitive to herbicides[http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108968]