Weight loss - Revision history

RRM: /* Nursing */

2017-09-09T12:04:34Z

‎Nursing

RRM: /* Sleep */

2017-09-06T16:24:21Z

‎Sleep

RRM: /* Health */

2017-09-06T16:18:58Z

‎Health

RRM: /* Fat + Carbohydrates */

2017-09-06T16:18:26Z

‎Fat + Carbohydrates

RRM: /* Health */

2017-09-06T16:17:10Z

‎Health

RRM: /* Hormones */

2017-09-06T16:16:54Z

‎Hormones

RRM: /* Hormones */

2017-09-06T16:15:18Z

‎Hormones

RRM: /* Yoga */

2017-09-06T16:02:55Z

‎Yoga

RRM: /* Fat + Carbohydrates */

2017-09-06T15:42:14Z

‎Fat + Carbohydrates

RRM: /* Vitamins */

2017-09-03T15:58:00Z

‎Vitamins

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 In general, self-efficacy regarding macro-nutrients intake is moderate.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3977411/] Intensive nursing strategies for increasing self-efficacy for weight control and health-promoting behaviour may be essential components for better weight loss in the initial stage of a weight management intervention. Particularly increases in diet self-efficacy had a significant indirect effect on initial weight loss.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25560742] Obese men and women tend to under-report their energy intake [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20707944] and resort to irregular eating between meals.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20839470] People given larger portions consumed 30% more than those given smaller portions.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12450884/] People cannot accurately estimate the calories in various food items and underestimate calories depending on the context in which the foods are presented. A typical restaurant meal may provide 2 to 5 times more calories than needed.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12525791/] BMI positively predictes self-selected portion size, and people chose larger portion sizes for high-carbohydrate foods when compared to high-fat foods.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17383267] People have no internal cues allowing them to regulate precisely the number of calories they consume.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16263145/] People tend to consume more during a meal when there are more people sitting at a table.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1741437/] Gastric emptying of solids and change in gastric volume with ingestion of a standard meal do not appear to determine the change in satiation.[http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/85/2/411.long]
 Individuals vary in their responsivity to cues that motivate overeating. Those higher in responsivity need specialized self-regulatory skills. These skills include an ability to tolerate uncomfortable internal reactions to triggers and a reduction of pleasure, behavioral commitment to clearly-defined values, and metacognitive awareness of decision-making processes. Such acceptance-based interventions based on these skills have so far proven efficacious for weight control, especially for those who are the most susceptible to eating in response to internal and external cues.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25445199] Subjects that readily loose most weight, have higher responsive fatty acid levels, and lower changes in leptin and insulin concentrations, suggesting a better metabolic flexibility. To reduce compensatory responses one needs to account for individual activity level before prescribing weight-loss program associating diet and exercise.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25153683] Energy intake may increase as the inter-meal interval increases.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24907689] Meal-skipping is associated with compensatory eating, higher energy intake per eating occasion and increased visceral adipose tissue.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23613461]
 Step counts (10.000/day[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25062965]) may be a key area to target.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25341641] Problem solving is another key component.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25132720] Successfully achieving the target weight loss in a comprehensive program predicts subsequent maintenance of lower weight without increasing the risk of dropout.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25324210] Providing the additional strategies at predetermined times over the intervention period enhances weight loss.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25160843]

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 ==Sleep==
-Getting regular sleep is key, as the hypothalamic circadian clock controls brown adipose tissue function, energy expenditure and thermogenesis.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5373494/] Sleep curtailment in humans alters multiple metabolic pathways, leading to more insulin resistance, possibly decreased energy expenditure, increased appetite, and immunological changes.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3418485/] Sleep restriction has an impact on the molecular mechanisms in human adipocytes.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23070488/]
+Getting regular sleep is key, as the hypothalamic circadian clock controls brown adipose tissue function, energy expenditure and thermogenesis.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5373494/] The mammalian molecular clock is expressed within the master suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) pacemaker neurons, and also within nearly all cells.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12015981/][https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16753565/]
 ==Yoga==

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 Though exercise increases insulin sensitivity (preventing insulin resistance)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25514415], calorie restriction does the same, through autophagy.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22257883][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22804725] This is regardless of whether this restricted diet is moderate-carbohydrate (40-45% of energy) and increased-protein (25-30%), or high-carbohydrate diet (55-60%) and moderate-protein (15%).[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25422027]
 A low-calorie diet significantly improves the Heart Rate Recovery after maximum exercise, predicting cardiovascular disease risk and mortality.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25566454]
 ==Gender==

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:18, 6 September 2017
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	When people are shown a picture of food, they secrete dopamine in the dorsal striatum, which results in cravings and motivations to eat.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12616579/] People are born with natural preferences for sweets.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17616763/] People also prefer fats because they too activate the brain's reward system.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15998351/] Acutely, palatable food causes a burst of dopamine in the central reward system.[http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/295/2/R463] With chronic consumption of rewarding food, the increased dopamine release over time may lead to adaptations that are associated with reward hypo-function.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3700634/]		When people are shown a picture of food, they secrete dopamine in the dorsal striatum, which results in cravings and motivations to eat.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12616579/] People are born with natural preferences for sweets.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17616763/] People also prefer fats because they too activate the brain's reward system.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15998351/] Acutely, palatable food causes a burst of dopamine in the central reward system.[http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/295/2/R463] With chronic consumption of rewarding food, the increased dopamine release over time may lead to adaptations that are associated with reward hypo-function.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3700634/]
		+
		+	==Fiber==
		+	Soluble ''fiber'' may be bacterially decomposed in the intestines through fermentation (yielding gasses). Polydextrose (a water-soluble fiber) does not affect Ghrelin or PYY.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25555562]
		+	Cellulose (10% w/w; water-insoluble) also does not, but the water-soluble fibers beta-glucan (in cereals and bran), and particularly fructo-oligosaccharide and pectin (both present in fruits and vegetables) (all 10% w/w) increase PYY levels 2.3-, 3.1- and 3.0-fold respectively, and decrease bodyfat. A 5% dietary fiber content is insufficient to elicit these effects.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4141268/] The greatest sources of pectin are: dried apricot (5%), cooked white beans (<2%), apricot (1%), plum and strawberry (0.8%), kiwi [0.7), banana (0.6%), kaki and peach (0.5%), and OJ (0.09%) [http://www.sfk-online.net/cgi-bin/sfkstart.mysql?language=english] apples (1-1.5%), carrots (1.4%) and oranges (0.5-3.5%). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin]
		+	The three effective soluble fibers are mainly decomposed into succinate, by the Bacteroides and Clostridium genera.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12740060/] High nitrogen (from high-quality protein) relative to carbohydrate fosters succinate formation.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10395595/] It is unlikely that the increased succinate per se elicits the satiety response [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4141268/], as short-chain fatty acids do not play a role in appetite regulation.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21266094/]
		+	Fiber in general may contribute to weight gain through improved energy extraction from diet by the conversion of dietary fibre to short-chain fatty acids, such as propionic acid and acetic acid, substrates for de novo lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25518735], though propionic acid (10 g/day) stimules PYY release.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25500202]

	==Reward system==		==Reward system==

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 Though exercise increases insulin sensitivity (preventing insulin resistance)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25514415], calorie restriction does the same, through autophagy.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22257883][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22804725] This is regardless of whether this restricted diet is moderate-carbohydrate (40-45% of energy) and increased-protein (25-30%), or high-carbohydrate diet (55-60%) and moderate-protein (15%).[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25422027]
 A low-calorie diet significantly improves the Heart Rate Recovery after maximum exercise, predicting cardiovascular disease risk and mortality.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25566454]
 ==Gender==

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 ''Ghrelin'' (stimulating appetite) is involved in short-term regulation. Ghrelin represents 'stomach hunger', as released from the stomach, signalling hunger to the brain.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22632858] Ghrelin increases with fasting and energy restriction and may influence eating behaviors through brain hedonic reward-cognitive systems.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24760977] Ghrelin levels are not significantly associated with disordered eating psychopathology, including restraint and eating concerns [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21098684], but may be positively associated to restrictive eating.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20339027]
 Ghrelin is similarly suppressed by lipid and protein.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25568079] Meat suppresses ghrelin more so than a vegan meal does.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25222490] Slow spaced eating does not affect ghrelin levels.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25452861][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25361054] Acute exercise (on a cycle ergometer at 70% until 30% of total daily energy expenditure) did not affect the appetite hormones, but did suppress appetite.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23368830] Ghrelin levels are positively associated with estrogen levels in women.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15872336/][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2582577/]
 ''Oxytocin'' may also be involved in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa. Oxytocin regulates nonhomeostatic, reward-related food intake.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23835346]

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 Constitutional thinness is associated with high PYY (peptide tyrosine tyrosine; secreted by intestinal cells [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300605/]) in circadian profile.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25027794] Similarly, PYY may be elevated in anorexia nervosa [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19955768][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18486583][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17119001][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16278259], or totally the opposite.[http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/85/4/967.long] Mean PYY levels are lower in binge-eating/purging type anorexia nervosa than in restricting type anorexia nervosa.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25098834] High PYY may represent a protective response against significant weight gain.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24743402] PYY levels are positively (or negatively[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20339027]) associated with disordered eating psychopathology including restraint and eating concerns, independent of body mass index (BMI).[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21098684] Short-term aerobic exercise does not affect PYY levels.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23736355] Interval exercise (rope skipping exercise (295 kcal, 3 sets × 10 min with 5-min interval or bicycle ergometer exercise (288 kcal, 3 sets × 10 min with 5-min interval, followed by 2 hours resting) did increase PYY.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23402716] Endurance exercise increases PYY more, and eventual relative energy intake was lower in comparison with interval exercise.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23111564]
-''Leptin'' is a long-term regulator of energy balance. Plasma leptin levels are tightly correlated with body fat mass, signalling adiposity status to the brain, initiating compensatory changes in eating and energy expenditure, especially in the case of reduced adiposity.[http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/89/3/980S.long][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2667654/][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2682360/][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2648854/] Basal plasma leptin levels are linearly related to fat mass.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8784109/][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10372664/] Leptin regulates appetite by inhibiting serotonin synthesis.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2768582/]
+''Leptin'' is a long-term regulator of energy balance and major counterregulator of insulin.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4138585/] Plasma leptin levels are tightly correlated with body fat mass, signalling adiposity status to the brain, initiating compensatory changes in eating and energy expenditure, especially in the case of reduced adiposity.[http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/89/3/980S.long][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2667654/][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2682360/][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2648854/] Basal plasma leptin levels are linearly related to fat mass.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8784109/][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10372664/] Leptin regulates appetite by inhibiting serotonin synthesis.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2768582/]
 Neither intraduodenal lipid nor protein affects plasma leptin.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25568079]
 In anorexia nervosa, leptin levels after a meal are lower.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22872688] Mean leptin levels are lower in binge-eating/purging type anorexia nervosa than in restricting type anorexia nervosa.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25098834] Leptin levels are not significantly associated with disordered eating psychopathology.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21098684]

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:02, 6 September 2017
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	Compared to food restriction alone, the addition of running wheel activity makes mice loose weight faster, but also prevents further weight loss beyond a crucial point of body weight loss (especially fat mass). Both restricted groups adapted their energy metabolism differentially in the short and long term, with less fat oxidation and a preferential use of glucose in the mice that were also submitted to running wheel activity.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25465889]		Compared to food restriction alone, the addition of running wheel activity makes mice loose weight faster, but also prevents further weight loss beyond a crucial point of body weight loss (especially fat mass). Both restricted groups adapted their energy metabolism differentially in the short and long term, with less fat oxidation and a preferential use of glucose in the mice that were also submitted to running wheel activity.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25465889]
		+
		+	==Sleep==
		+	Getting regular sleep is key, as the hypothalamic circadian clock controls brown adipose tissue function, energy expenditure and thermogenesis.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5373494/] Sleep curtailment in humans alters multiple metabolic pathways, leading to more insulin resistance, possibly decreased energy expenditure, increased appetite, and immunological changes.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3418485/] Sleep restriction has an impact on the molecular mechanisms in human adipocytes.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23070488/]

	==Yoga==		==Yoga==

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 ==Fat + Carbohydrates==
-Weight changes after a 5 year follow up in 373.803 Europeans revealed that a higher proportion of energy from protein at the expense of fat or carbohydrates is positively associated with weight gain.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23472080] A nationwide investigation in the USA showed that per capita protein consumption is positively correlated with the obesity prevalence with a one-year lag.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3014900/] Meat intake may predict BMI standard deviation score.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17705105] In households with an overweight child, grains supplied significantly more protein and carbohydrate than in comparison households.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152822] Statistical analysis of the data for 38.409 individuals, showed that the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverage alone is not associated with obesity risk.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17383789] A systematic review of low-carbohydrate diets found that the weight loss achieved is associated with the duration of the diet and restriction of energy intake, but not with restriction of carbohydrates.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15351198/]
+Protein induced thermogenesis has an important effect on satiety[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524030/], but weight changes after a 5 year follow up in 373.803 Europeans revealed that a higher proportion of energy from protein at the expense of fat or carbohydrates is positively associated with weight gain.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23472080] A nationwide investigation in the USA showed that per capita protein consumption is positively correlated with the obesity prevalence with a one-year lag.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3014900/] Meat intake may predict BMI standard deviation score.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17705105] In households with an overweight child, grains supplied significantly more protein and carbohydrate than in comparison households.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152822] Statistical analysis of the data for 38.409 individuals, showed that the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverage alone is not associated with obesity risk.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17383789] A systematic review of low-carbohydrate diets found that the weight loss achieved is associated with the duration of the diet and restriction of energy intake, but not with restriction of carbohydrates.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15351198/]
 Overall carbohydrate intake is negatively associated and fat intake is positively associated with body mass index.[http://www.em-consulte.com/article/208850/alertePM] A review of laboratory studies, clinical trials, population studies and epidemiologic studies concluded that it is clear that the consumption of a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet increases the likelihood of weight gain.[http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/78/4/850S.long] In general, low-carb diets are ineffective [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15351198/][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15242237/][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1473108/][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15181047/], and such low-carb diets are only slightly better than low-fat diets [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12679447/][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15598683/][http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa022207] and not significant after a year.[http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa022207][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15148064/] Total energy intake is the primary contributor to body mass index in all age groups. Sugar intake does not predict daily energy intake, nor body mass index.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22817826] Weight gain in children may be evoked particularly by the ''combination'' of high-fat plus high-sugar [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24318968], such as in fast-food ''plus'' sweetened beverages.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19243675] Low-carb diets may only be effective if protein intake is drastically (from 20% to 8%) lowered as well ('Ketogenic diets'), as glucose is derived largely from gluconeogenesis when concentration of amino acids in the diet is substantial [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2714161/], the conversion of lipids to ketones increases the metabolic rate per calorie [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7193909/], and because free fatty acids reduce glycolysis in glucose-sensing hypothalamic neurons.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2714161/]

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 ==Vitamins==
-It has long been know that B-vitamins can stimulate appetite [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23193625/] and excess levels of vitamin B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin) and B6 strongly promote body fat gain.[http://www.jbc.org/content/132/1/41.full.pdf][http://www.jbc.org/content/138/2/471.full.pdf][http://jn.nutrition.org/content/22/4/359.full.pdf][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1197490/][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20666866][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874142/] Epidemiological studies have confirmed this link. In the USA, daily vitamin B3 consumption per capita has doubled since the late 1930s (just before the start of B3 fortification).[http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/publications/foodsupply/FoodSupply1909-2000.pdf] Statistical analysis of aggregated data from the NHIS, NHES and NHANES surveys showed that the nationwide prevalence of obesity in the USA in the past 50 years increased in close parallel with the per capita consumption of vitamin B1, B2 and B3, with a 10-year lag.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3014900/]
+It has long been known that B-vitamins can stimulate appetite [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23193625/] and excess levels of vitamin B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin) and B6 strongly promote body fat gain.[http://www.jbc.org/content/132/1/41.full.pdf][http://www.jbc.org/content/138/2/471.full.pdf][http://jn.nutrition.org/content/22/4/359.full.pdf][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1197490/][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20666866][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874142/] Epidemiological studies have confirmed this link. In the USA, daily vitamin B3 consumption per capita has doubled since the late 1930s (just before the start of B3 fortification).[http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/publications/foodsupply/FoodSupply1909-2000.pdf] Statistical analysis of aggregated data from the NHIS, NHES and NHANES surveys showed that the nationwide prevalence of obesity in the USA in the past 50 years increased in close parallel with the per capita consumption of vitamin B1, B2 and B3, with a 10-year lag.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3014900/]
 ==Fat + Carbohydrates==