Energy Metabolism

The 3 main sources of energy in your body are fatty acids, sugars and protein (disregarding alcohol).

Serum Energy

Serum Fatty Acid Reference Ranges relevant to Australia, UK, USA, and other countries where fat intakes are similar to New Zealand (about 30% of total energy intake) © Bradbury, K.E. et al

Table 3; Range, mean and percentiles of fatty acid concentrations (μmol/L) of plasma total lipids © Abdelmagid, S.A. et al

Triglycerides (triacylglycerol) are the main constituents of adipose tissue (body fat) in humans. Fatty acid levels in adipose tissue reflect intake in years.[1] Serum fatty acids reflect intake in weeks.[2] Plasma is composed of all major circulating lipid species including triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol-esters and free fatty acids.[3]

Mean total serum fatty acid levels may be 3806 μmol/L [4] corresponding to about 107.5 mg/dl (about 5.5 gram per human adult)

About 2 to 5% of serum fatty acids are free fatty acids. Serum reference levels for free fatty acids are 0.00-0.72 mmol/L.[5] / with a mean value of 7.5 nM (with a standard deviation of 2.5 nM), and a 1.5 nM increase after overnight fasting. [6]

Fasting

During starvation, utilisation of fatty acids from intracellular lipid droplets is increased, and autophagy mediated.[7]

Exercise

Not just daily exercise increases lipolysis in general [8], but also acute exercise increases lipolysis, specifically in the liver (not in skeletal muscle), accompanied by increased serum levels of free fatty acid, glycerol and ketone body.[9]

Better fitness is not associated with lower dietary fat intakes.[10] Increased physical activity reduces serum triglyceride levels.[11] At similar levels mean VO2, tennis match play relies more on glycolysis and glycogenolysis compared to continuous running exercise.[12]